EXAMPLE LIST OF ANIMAL PESTS

A pest is an animal, which has the characteristics, which people regard as injurious or unwanted. Examples of serious pests are those organisms, which vector human disease, such as rats, and fleas that carry the plague disease, or mosquitoes that vector malaria. An animal becomes a pest if it begins to cause considerable economic or environmental damage.

Animal Pests are animals that do harm to man directly (for example, by infesting him or by transmitting to him the causative agents of diseases) or indirectly by causing damage to livestock, crops, trees, and so forth.

External and internal parasites are directly harmful to man. The external parasites are mostly insects: lice, bedbugs, fleas, and such two-winged bloodsucking insects as mosquitoes, buffalo gnats, biting midges, and horseflies. Ixodoid ticks are external arachnid parasites. Many worms (helminths, which cause helminthiases) and protozoans are internal parasites.

Animal pests also include a variety of insects and ticks that transmit the causative agents of viral, bacterial, and protozoan diseases of man. Man is also subject to the effects of poisonous animals, which inject toxins through their bites: snakes (for example, the cobra, viper, adder), poisonous spiders (for example, the karakurt), scorpions, and blood-sucking insects and ticks that inject toxic saliva after puncturing the skin. Parasites, transmitters of various diseases, and venomous animals injure domestic and game animals. The diseases caused by parasites (for example, warble fly, itch mite, helminth) and transmitted diseases decrease the productivity of cattle and often kill them. Many rodents (rats, mice, and so forth) are pests. A number of animal pests injure bees and silkworms.

Some insects (for example, moths) and mites damage woolen fabrics, leather, and fur. Termites destroy wooden structures. A number of insects injure stored lumber and wooden furniture (for example, furniture beetles). The bandicoot rat sometimes destroys dams, which may result in floods. Certain mollusks (woodborers) attack wooden underwater structures and wooden ships.

Animal pests are also responsible for millions of pounds of damage to agricultural crops every year, although only a relative small number of species in the animal kingdom are responsible. Many animals are in fact very beneficial to crops, acting as pest predators or even as parasites within the pests (parasitoids), and some are important pollinators.

Some pests are a regular problem and occur most years, although not always at population levels that cause economic damage. Other pests only occur occasionally, depending on several factors including rotation, weather conditions and crop growth stage. Several pests are very specific to individual crop species whereas others damage a large number of different crops. Many animals are successful as pests partly because they can reproduce very quickly, with many generations a year, have an effective method of spread and are adapted to changing environmental conditions. The group of animals that contains some of the most important crop pests is the insects. Nematodes are the next important group, followed by the molluscs, birds, mammals and mites.

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